Gradually, the involuntary detention of the victim became the key element of kidnapping. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, states began to redefine kidnapping, most notably eliminating the requirement of interstate transport. The early common law defined the offense of kidnapping as the forcible abduction or stealing of a man, woman, or child from his or her own country and sending him or her into another country. United States kidnapping laws have been derived from common law principles of kidnapping developed originally by common law in England. This article shall deal with both California and Federal law in this area of the law. The AMBER Alert Coordinator at the Justice Department works with states, broadcasters, and law enforcement agencies to set up AMBER plans, to serve as a point of contact to supplement existing AMBER plans, and to facilitate appropriate regional coordination of AMBER Alerts. Under this bill, the attorney general, in cooperation with the secretary of transportation and the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), appoints a National AMBER Alert Coordinator to oversee the communication network. Kidnapping is also a federal crime and several federal statutes have been enacted to address this issue including the Federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act and Congress passed a national AMBER Alert bill as part of the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act of 2003. Kidnapping and Abduction laws vary from state to state, but normally apply to anyone who, without lawful authority, forcibly seizes and confines another, with intent to cause such other person to be secretly confined or imprisoned against his or her will. Thus the crime of kidnapping and related civil suit for remedies occurs in far more circumstances than that common demand for ransom. Also, at times kidnapping may be performed without true conscious criminal intent, with the accused claiming that at all times perceived consent was involved and that the charges of abduction were only fabricated long after the event. Kidnapping for ransom is the first thought that comes to mind when one considers abduction and kidnapping but in reality many charges of kidnapping relate to child custody disputes in which a parent removes a child from the custody of the other parent and/or the jurisdiction of the court.
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